Caracterización de compost de residuos sólidos orgánicos urbanos de seis distritos de la provincia Leoncio Prado, Perú

En Perú, al 2019, solo el 6,4 % de los distritos disponen sus residuos urbanos en rellenos sanitarios, los cuales, están en situación de colapso, lo que exige buscar alternativas para mejorar la gestión de estos residuos y, frente a ello, el compostaje se perfila como una tecnología simple y económica, empleada para el tratamiento del componente orgánico, para reducir daños a la salud y al ambiente, sin embargo, la falta de criterios técnicos en su aplicación está afectando la calidad del compost final. El objetivo de esta investigación fue evaluar los criterios técnicos de procesamiento y la calidad del compost, a través de residuos sólidos urbanos en los distritos de la provincia Leoncio Prado. La investigación identificó los distritos que aplican el compostaje a sus residuos y evaluó la técnica de procesamiento, indicadores fisicoquímicos y determinó la calidad con base en normas técnicas internacionales. Los resultados muestran que seis de diez distritos aplican el compostaje y los indicadores fisicoquímicos contrastados con los criterios de calidad de la norma técnica chilena (NCH 2880), colombiana 5167 y de la OMS, corresponden a compost de calidad intermedia (Clase B). Los compost evaluados no representan riesgo ambiental y pueden ser utilizados como enmienda en la mejora del suelo y los cultivos con algunas restricciones, por presentar valores elevados de humedad, pH y bajos niveles de P, Ca, Mg y K.

At 2019, in Peru, only 6.4 % of the districts dispose of their urban waste in sanitary landfills, which are in a situation of collapse, therefore is needed looking for alternatives to improve the management of this waste, facing this, composting is emerging as a simple and economical technology used for the treatment of the organic component, thus, reducing damage to health and the environment, however, the lack of technical criteria in its application is affecting the quality of the final compost. The objective of this research was to evaluate the technical criteria for processing and the quality of compost based on municipal solid waste in the districts of Leoncio Prado province. The research identified the districts that apply composting to their waste and evaluated the processing technique, physicochemical indicators and determined the quality based on international technical standards. The results show that six out of ten districts apply composting, and the physicochemical indicators contrasted with the quality criteria of the Chilean technical standard (NCH 2880), Colombian 5167 and WHO, correspond to intermediate quality compost (Class B). The evaluated compost does not represent an environmental risk and can be used as an amendment in soil and crop improvement with some restrictions, since it has high moisture, pH and low levels of P, Ca, Mg and K.

Thermo-resistant enzyme-producing microorganisms isolated from composting / Microrganismos produtores de enzimas termo-resistentes isolados de compostagem

Organo-mineral fertilizers supplemented with biological additives are an alternative to chemical fertilizers. In this study, thermoresistant microorganisms from composting mass were isolated by two-step procedures. First, samples taken at different time points and temperatures (33 days at 52 ºC, 60 days at 63 ºC, and over 365 days at 26 ºC) were pre-incubated at 80 oC for 30 minutes. Second, the microbial selection by in vitro culture-based methods and heat shock at 60 oC and 100 oC for 2h and 4h. Forty-one isolates were able to grow at 60 °C for 4h; twenty-seven at 100 °C for 2h, and two at 100 °C for 4h. The molecular identification by partial sequencing of the 16S ribosomal gene using universal primers revealed that thirty-five isolates were from eight Bacillus species, one Brevibacillus borstelensis, three Streptomyces thermogriseus, and two fungi (Thermomyces lanuginosus and T. dupontii). Data from amylase, phytase, and cellulase activity assays and the enzymatic index (EI) showed that 38 of 41 thermo-resistant isolates produce at least one enzyme. For amylase activity, the highest EI value was observed in Bacillus licheniformis (isolate 21C2, EI= 4.11), followed by Brevibacillus borstelensis (isolate 6C2, EI= 3.66), Bacillus cereus (isolate 18C2, EI= 3.52), and Bacillus paralicheniformis (isolate 20C2, EI= 3.34). For phytase, the highest EI values were observed for Bacillus cereus (isolate 18C2, EI= 2.30) and Bacillus licheniformis (isolate 3C1, EI= 2.15). Concerning cellulose production, B. altitudinis (isolate 6C1) was the most efficient (EI= 6.40), followed by three Bacillus subtilis (isolates 9C1, 16C2, and 19C2) with EI values of 5.66, 5.84, and 5.88, respectively, and one B. pumilus (isolate 27C2, EI= 5.78). The selected microorganisms are potentially useful as a biological additive in organo-mineral fertilizers and other biotechnological processes.

Os fertilizantes organo-minerais suplementados com aditivos biológicos são uma alternativa aos adubos químicos. Neste estudo, microrganismos termoresistentes foram isolados de compostagem por procedimentos de duas etapas. Inicialmente, as amostras tomadas em diferentes períodos e temperaturas (33 dias a 52 ºC, 60 dias a 63 ºC e mais de 365 dias a 26 ºC) foram pré-incubadas a 80 oC por 30 minutos. Posteriormente, a seleção microbiana foi conduzida por métodos baseados em cultura in vitro e choque térmico a 60 oC e 100 oC por 2h e 4h. Quarenta e um isolados foram capazes de crescer a 60 °C por 4h; vinte e sete a 100 °C por 2h e dois a 100 °C por 4h. A identificação molecular por sequenciamento parcial do gene ribossomal 16S usando primers universais revelou que trinta e cinco isolados eram de oito espécies de Bacillus, um Brevibacillus borstelensis, três Streptomyces thermogriseus e dois fungos (Thermomyces lanuginosus e T. dupontii). Os dados dos ensaios de atividade de amilase, fitase e celulase e o índice enzimático (IE) mostraram que 38 dos 41 isolados termorresistentes produziram pelo menos uma enzima. Para a atividade da amilase, o maior valor de IE foi observado em Bacillus licheniformis (isolado 21C2, IE = 4,11), seguido por Brevibacillus borstelensis (isolado 6C2, IE = 3,66), Bacillus cereus (isolado 18C2, IE = 3,52) e Bacillus paralicheniformis (isolado 20C2, IE = 3,34). Para a fitase, os maiores valores de IE foram observados para B. cereus (isolado 18C2, IE = 2,30) e B. licheniformis (isolado 3C1, IE = 2,15). Em relação à produção de celulose, B. altitudinis (isolado 6C1) foi o mais eficiente (IE = 6,40), seguido por três Bacillus subtilis (isolados 9C1, 16C2 e 19C2) com valores de IE de 5,66, 5,84 e 5,88, respectivamente, e um B. pumilus (isolado 27C2, IE = 5,78). Pode-se inferir que os microrganismos selecionados são potencialmente úteis como aditivos biológicos em fertilizantes organo-minerais e outros processos biotecnológicos.

Thermo-resistant enzyme-producing microorganisms isolated from composting

Abstract Organo-mineral fertilizers supplemented with biological additives are an alternative to chemical fertilizers. In this study, thermoresistant microorganisms from composting mass were isolated by two-step procedures. First, samples taken at different time points and temperatures (33 days at 52 ºC, 60 days at 63 ºC, and over 365 days at 26 ºC) were pre-incubated at 80 oC for 30 minutes. Second, the microbial selection by in vitro culture-based methods and heat shock at 60 oC and 100 oC for 2h and 4h. Forty-one isolates were able to grow at 60 °C for 4h; twenty-seven at 100 °C for 2h, and two at 100 °C for 4h. The molecular identification by partial sequencing of the 16S ribosomal gene using universal primers revealed that thirty-five isolates were from eight Bacillus species, one Brevibacillus borstelensis, three Streptomyces thermogriseus, and two fungi (Thermomyces lanuginosus and T. dupontii). Data from amylase, phytase, and cellulase activity assays and the enzymatic index (EI) showed that 38 of 41 thermo-resistant isolates produce at least one enzyme. For amylase activity, the highest EI value was observed in Bacillus licheniformis (isolate 21C2, EI= 4.11), followed by Brevibacillus borstelensis (isolate 6C2, EI= 3.66), Bacillus cereus (isolate 18C2, EI= 3.52), and Bacillus paralicheniformis (isolate 20C2, EI= 3.34). For phytase, the highest EI values were observed for Bacillus cereus (isolate 18C2, EI= 2.30) and Bacillus licheniformis (isolate 3C1, EI= 2.15). Concerning cellulose production, B. altitudinis (isolate 6C1) was the most efficient (EI= 6.40), followed by three Bacillus subtilis (isolates 9C1, 16C2, and 19C2) with EI values of 5.66, 5.84, and 5.88, respectively, and one B. pumilus (isolate 27C2, EI= 5.78). The selected microorganisms are potentially useful as a biological additive in organo-mineral fertilizers and other biotechnological processes.

Resumo Os fertilizantes organo-minerais suplementados com aditivos biológicos são uma alternativa aos adubos químicos. Neste estudo, microrganismos termoresistentes foram isolados de compostagem por procedimentos de duas etapas. Inicialmente, as amostras tomadas em diferentes períodos e temperaturas (33 dias a 52 ºC, 60 dias a 63 ºC e mais de 365 dias a 26 ºC) foram pré-incubadas a 80 oC por 30 minutos. Posteriormente, a seleção microbiana foi conduzida por métodos baseados em cultura in vitro e choque térmico a 60 oC e 100 oC por 2h e 4h. Quarenta e um isolados foram capazes de crescer a 60 °C por 4h; vinte e sete a 100 °C por 2h e dois a 100 °C por 4h. A identificação molecular por sequenciamento parcial do gene ribossomal 16S usando primers universais revelou que trinta e cinco isolados eram de oito espécies de Bacillus, um Brevibacillus borstelensis, três Streptomyces thermogriseus e dois fungos (Thermomyces lanuginosus e T. dupontii). Os dados dos ensaios de atividade de amilase, fitase e celulase e o índice enzimático (IE) mostraram que 38 dos 41 isolados termorresistentes produziram pelo menos uma enzima. Para a atividade da amilase, o maior valor de IE foi observado em Bacillus licheniformis (isolado 21C2, IE = 4,11), seguido por Brevibacillus borstelensis (isolado 6C2, IE = 3,66), Bacillus cereus (isolado 18C2, IE = 3,52) e Bacillus paralicheniformis (isolado 20C2, IE = 3,34). Para a fitase, os maiores valores de IE foram observados para B. cereus (isolado 18C2, IE = 2,30) e B. licheniformis (isolado 3C1, IE = 2,15). Em relação à produção de celulose, B. altitudinis (isolado 6C1) foi o mais eficiente (IE = 6,40), seguido por três Bacillus subtilis (isolados 9C1, 16C2 e 19C2) com valores de IE de 5,66, 5,84 e 5,88, respectivamente, e um B. pumilus (isolado 27C2, IE = 5,78). Pode-se inferir que os microrganismos selecionados são potencialmente úteis como aditivos biológicos em fertilizantes organo-minerais e outros processos biotecnológicos.

ASSESSMENT OF IMPACT OF THREE KINDS OF FERTILIZERS ON THE CROP YIELD OF BRASSICA CAMPESTRIS (L.)

Farmers of the western Uttar Pradesh state of the country ,applying different kinds of chemical fertilizers into their cropping fields for better crop yield.But continuous use of these fertilizers for a long time period, reduce the fertility power of the soil.Thereby several researchers carried out research work on these lines and proved that as per current requirement, use of chemical fertilizers into the soil system is not suitable for fertile soil.In the present studies, three kinds of fertilizers were used for the better production of Brassica campestris. It was assessed and recorded that maximum production of Brassica was noticed 2.17 times more in those experimental plots who were treated with the vermicompost, prepared by earthworms, of the genus Eisenia fetida than that of plots treated with the market fertilizers (NPK and Urea). Although, Farm Yard Manure (FYM) biocompost also showed better results than the chemical fertilizers and control (without any fertilizers). Hence, these studies concluded that use of chemical fertilizers should be stopped and use of biofertilizers should be accepted and started in the form of vermicompost and FYM into the cropping fields for better crop yield of various crops.

Effects of different combinations of N, P and K at different time interval on vegetative, reproductive, yield and quality traits of mango (Mangifera Indica. L) cv. Dusehri / Efeitos de diferentes combinações de N, P e K em diferentes intervalos nas características vegetativas, reprodutivas, produtivas e de qualidade da manga (Mangifera indica. L) cv. Dusehri

The experiment was carried out on mango cv. Dusehri to investigate the effect of N, P and K fertilizers on vegetative, reproductive growth, yield and fruit quality. Eight different fertilizer combinations such as T1 (control), T2 (N), T3 (P), T4 (K), T5 (NP), T6 (NK), T7 (PK) and T8 (NPK) were used. Individual or combine fertilizer application of N (1000 g), P (750 g) and K (750 g) were applied during growing season in February and August. All the treatments significantly influenced on vegetative growth, flowering, fruiting, yield and other physiochemical attributes of mango as compared to control. Least effect was observed with individual fertilizer application while combine fertilizer treatments enhanced most of the investigated parameters. Especially, qualitative traits showed nonsignificant differences between treated and untreated mango trees. However, among the different treatments T8 (NPK) showed significance for fruiting aspects such as maximum size of growth flushes (177.51 mm), total number of panicles/tree (845), total number of flowers/panicle (974), sex ratio (69.18%), fruit retention (13.85%), total number of fruits/tree (379), yield (82 kg/tree), fruit weight (197.5 g), pulp weight (135.5 g) and physiochemical parameters namely TSS (24.53), Vit. C (57.63 mg/100 mL) and total sugar (20.84%). In general, combine application of NPK (T8) were the most effective in enhancing fruiting aspects, yield, physiochemical characteristics as well as improved fruit quality of mango trees.

O experimento foi realizado em manga cv. Dusehri para investigar o efeito dos fertilizantes N, P e K no crescimento vegetativo, reprodutivo, produtividade e de qualidade do fruto. Foram utilizadas oito combinações diferentes de fertilizantes: T1 (controle), T2 (N), T3 (P), T4 (K), T5 (NP), T6 (NK), T7 (PK) e T8 (NPK). Cada tratamento de N (1.000 g), P (750 g) e K (750 g) foi aplicado duas vezes durante a estação de crescimento em fevereiro e agosto. Todos os tratamentos influenciaram significativamente o crescimento vegetativo, floração, frutificação, produtividade e outros atributos físico-químicos da manga em relação ao controle. Menos efeito foi observado com a aplicação individual de fertilizante, enquanto os tratamentos combinados aumentaram a maioria dos parâmetros investigados. Especialmente as características qualitativas mostraram diferenças não significativas entre mangueiras tratadas e não tratadas. No entanto, entre os diferentes tratamentos, T8 (NPK) apresentou significância para aspectos de frutificação, como tamanho máximo de folgas de crescimento (177,51 mm), número total de panículas/árvore (845), número total de flores/panícula (974), razão sexual (69,18%), retenção de frutos (13,85%), número total de frutos/árvore (379), produção (82 kg/árvore), peso do fruto (197,5 g) e peso da polpa (135,5 g), além de parâmetros físico-químicos, como TSS (24,53), vitamina C (57,63 mg/100 mL) e açúcar total (20,84%). Em geral, a aplicação combinada de NPK (T8) foi a mais eficaz no aprimoramento dos aspectos de frutificação, produtividade, características físico-químicas, além da melhoria da qualidade dos frutos das mangueiras.

Effects of different combinations of N, P and K at different time interval on vegetative, reproductive, yield and quality traits of mango (Mangifera Indica. L) cv. Dusehri / Efeitos de diferentes combinações de N, P e K em diferentes intervalos nas características vegetativas, reprodutivas, produtivas e de qualidade da manga (Mangifera indica. L) cv. Dusehri

The experiment was carried out on mango cv. Dusehri to investigate the effect of N, P and K fertilizers on vegetative, reproductive growth, yield and fruit quality. Eight different fertilizer combinations such as T1 (control), T2 (N), T3 (P), T4 (K), T5 (NP), T6 (NK), T7 (PK) and T8 (NPK) were used. Individual or combine fertilizer application of N (1000 g), P (750 g) and K (750 g) were applied during growing season in February and August. All the treatments significantly influenced on vegetative growth, flowering, fruiting, yield and other physiochemical attributes of mango as compared to control. Least effect was observed with individual fertilizer application while combine fertilizer treatments enhanced most of the investigated parameters. Especially, qualitative traits showed non significant differences between treated and untreated mango trees. However, among the different treatments T8 (NPK) showed significance for fruiting aspects such as maximum size of growth flushes (177.51 mm), total number of panicles/tree (845), total number of flowers/panicle (974), sex ratio (69.18%), fruit retention (13.85%), total number of fruits/tree (379), yield (82 kg/tree), fruit weight (197.5 g), pulp weight (135.5 g) and physiochemical parameters namely TSS (24.53), Vit. C (57.63 mg/100 mL) and total sugar (20.84%). In general, combine application of NPK (T8) were the most effective in enhancing fruiting aspects, yield, physiochemical characteristics as well as improved fruit quality of mango trees.

O experimento foi realizado em manga cv. Dusehri para investigar o efeito dos fertilizantes N, P e K no crescimento vegetativo, reprodutivo, produtividade e de qualidade do fruto. Foram utilizadas oito combinações diferentes de fertilizantes: T1 (controle), T2 (N), T3 (P), T4 (K), T5 (NP), T6 (NK), T7 (PK) e T8 (NPK). Cada tratamento de N(1.000 g), P (750 g) e K (750 g) foi aplicado duas vezes durante a estação de crescimento em fevereiro e agosto. Todos os tratamentos influenciaram significativamente o crescimento vegetativo, floração, frutificação, produtividade e outros atributos físico-químicos da manga em relação ao controle. Menos efeito foi observado com a aplicação individual de fertilizante, enquanto os tratamentos combinados aumentaram a maioria dos parâmetros investigados. Especialmente as características qualitativas mostraram diferenças não significativas entre mangueiras tratadas e não tratadas. No entanto, entre os diferentes tratamentos, T8 (NPK) apresentou significância para aspectos de frutificação, como tamanho máximo de folgas de crescimento (177,51 mm), número total de panículas/árvore (845), número total de flores/panícula (974), razão sexual (69,18%), retenção de frutos (13,85%), número total de frutos/árvore (379), produção (82 kg/árvore), peso do fruto (197,5 g) e peso da polpa (135,5 g), além de parâmetros físico-químicos, como TSS (24,53), vitamina C (57,63 mg/100 mL) e açúcar total (20,84%). Em geral, a aplicação combinada de NPK (T8) foi a mais eficaz no aprimoramento dos aspectos de frutificação, produtividade, características físico-químicas, além da melhoria da qualidade dos frutos das mangueiras.

Effects of different combinations of N, P and K at different time interval on vegetative, reproductive, yield and quality traits of mango (Mangifera Indica. L) cv. Dusehri

Abstract The experiment was carried out on mango cv. Dusehri to investigate the effect of N, P and K fertilizers on vegetative, reproductive growth, yield and fruit quality. Eight different fertilizer combinations such as T1 (control), T2 (N), T3 (P), T4 (K), T5 (NP), T6 (NK), T7 (PK) and T8 (NPK) were used. Individual or combine fertilizer application of N (1000 g), P (750 g) and K (750 g) were applied during growing season in February and August. All the treatments significantly influenced on vegetative growth, flowering, fruiting, yield and other physiochemical attributes of mango as compared to control. Least effect was observed with individual fertilizer application while combine fertilizer treatments enhanced most of the investigated parameters. Especially, qualitative traits showed non-significant differences between treated and untreated mango trees. However, among the different treatments T8 (NPK) showed significance for fruiting aspects such as maximum size of growth flushes (177.51 mm), total number of panicles/tree (845), total number of flowers/panicle (974), sex ratio (69.18%), fruit retention (13.85%), total number of fruits/tree (379), yield (82 kg/tree), fruit weight (197.5 g), pulp weight (135.5 g) and physiochemical parameters namely TSS (24.53), Vit. C (57.63 mg/100 mL) and total sugar (20.84%). In general, combine application of NPK (T8) were the most effective in enhancing fruiting aspects, yield, physiochemical characteristics as well as improved fruit quality of mango trees.

Resumo O experimento foi realizado em manga cv. Dusehri para investigar o efeito dos fertilizantes N, P e K no crescimento vegetativo, reprodutivo, produtividade e de qualidade do fruto. Foram utilizadas oito combinações diferentes de fertilizantes: T1 (controle), T2 (N), T3 (P), T4 (K), T5 (NP), T6 (NK), T7 (PK) e T8 (NPK). Cada tratamento de N (1.000 g), P (750 g) e K (750 g) foi aplicado duas vezes durante a estação de crescimento em fevereiro e agosto. Todos os tratamentos influenciaram significativamente o crescimento vegetativo, floração, frutificação, produtividade e outros atributos físico-químicos da manga em relação ao controle. Menos efeito foi observado com a aplicação individual de fertilizante, enquanto os tratamentos combinados aumentaram a maioria dos parâmetros investigados. Especialmente as características qualitativas mostraram diferenças não significativas entre mangueiras tratadas e não tratadas. No entanto, entre os diferentes tratamentos, T8 (NPK) apresentou significância para aspectos de frutificação, como tamanho máximo de folgas de crescimento (177,51 mm), número total de panículas/árvore (845), número total de flores/panícula (974), razão sexual (69,18%), retenção de frutos (13,85%), número total de frutos/árvore (379), produção (82 kg/árvore), peso do fruto (197,5 g) e peso da polpa (135,5 g), além de parâmetros físico-químicos, como TSS (24,53), vitamina C (57,63 mg/100 mL) e açúcar total (20,84%). Em geral, a aplicação combinada de NPK (T8) foi a mais eficaz no aprimoramento dos aspectos de frutificação, produtividade, características físico-químicas, além da melhoria da qualidade dos frutos das mangueiras.

Isolation of bacteria with plant growth-promoting activities from a foliar biofertilizer

Aims@#Plant growth-promoting bacteria are the key components of a biofertilizer. This study was aimed to isolate and identify the predominant bacteria found in a foliar biofertilizer and characterizes the potential of the bacterial isolates as plant growth promoters.@*Methodology and results@#Potential bacteria with plant growth-promoting activities were isolated from a foliar biofertilizer on HiCrome™ Bacillus agar and Nutrient agar. Bacteria with unique colonial morphology were selected and categorized by Gram’s differential staining. Subsequently, the bacterial isolates were being further characterized for plant growth-promoting potentials, such as the production of indole acetic acid (IAA), 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate (ACC) deaminase and siderophore; as well as the ability of nitrogen fixation and phosphate/potassium solubilization. Based on the characterized traits, three bacterial isolates, namely M17, M22 and M52 showed great potential for being a plant growth promoter. Based on their 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, M17, M22 and M52 were identified as Leclercia adecarboxylata, Margalitia shackletonii and Lysinibacillus pakistanensis, respectively.@*Conclusion, significance and impact of study@#Bacterial isolates exhibiting plant growth-promoting activities were successfully isolated from a biofertilizer and identified in this study. This finding provides an insight into the potential bacteria of a foliar fertilizer that may promote plant growth. Identification of these plant-growth promoters may help the scientists and agrochemical manufacturers to determine and disclose the key microorganisms of their biofertilizers, thereby contributing to the improvement of biofertilizers and promoting them as reliable alternatives to chemical fertilizers.

Comparison between cattle manure, organic compost, and vermicompost in the production of Eucalyptus urograndis seedlings / Comparação entre esterco bovino, composto orgânico e vermicomposto na produção de mudas de Eucalyptus urograndis

ABSTRACT: Composting and vermicomposting before addition to the soil is a viable alternative to the disposal of cattle manure. However, this residue has been used in the untreated form for seedling production. This study evaluated the use of cattle manure in natura, and the organic composted or vermicomposted variants of cattle manure on substrates used in the production of Eucalyptus urograndis seedlings. The treatments consisted of substrates formulated by mixing the organic fertilizers with washed sand in 20, 40, 60, 80 or 100 (v/v) percentages, compared to a commercial substrate. The E. urograndis seedlings were grown in tubes in a greenhouse and evaluated after 120 days for shoot and root dry weights, plant height, stem diameter, shoot/root ratio, and Dickson quality index. The substrate formulated from a mixture of 80% (v/v) of cattle manure in natura and washed sand allows for better development in Eucalyptus seedlings. Substrate containing 100% bovine manure vermicompost or organic compost produced seedlings with lower quality than in natura bovine manure but superior to the commercial substrate. Due to the health risks associated with use of untreated bovine manure, organic compost and vermicompost are good alternatives for the production of E. urograndis seedlings.

RESUMO: Uma alternativa para destinar corretamente o esterco bovino é realizar a compostagem e/ou vermicompostagem e depois adicioná-lo ao solo como fonte de nutrientes às plantas. Porém, este resíduo tem sido utilizado na produção de mudas sem tratamento. O estudo teve por objetivo avaliar o uso de esterco bovino in natura, de composto orgânico e de vermicomposto, produzidos a partir do esterco bovino, em substratos para a produção de mudas de Eucalyptus urograndis. Os tratamentos constituíram-se dos substratos formulados pela mistura dos fertilizantes orgânicos com areia lavada nas porcentagens de 20, 40, 60, 80 e 100 (v/v), em comparação com um substrato comercial (SC). As mudas de Eucalyptus urograndis foram cultivadas em tubetes, em casa de vegetação, e avaliadas aos 120 dias quanto a massa seca da parte aérea e raiz, altura da planta, diâmetro do caule, relação parte aérea/raiz e índice de qualidade de Dickson. O substrato formulado pela mistura de 80% (v/v) de esterco bovino in natura com areia lavada proporcionou o melhor desenvolvimento das mudas de eucalipto. O substrato contendo 100% de vermicomposto de esterco bovino ou composto orgânico produziu mudas com qualidade inferior ao esterco bovino in natura, mas superior ao substrato comercial. Devido aos riscos à saúde associados ao uso de esterco bovino não tratado, o composto orgânico e o vermicomposto são boas alternativas para a produção de mudas de E. urograndis.

Response of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi and Soil Chemical Properties to Brachiaria decumbens Grass Production Technologies

HIGHLIGHTS Brachiaria decumbens pasture associated with kudzu Pueraria phaseloides legume represents an alternative for higher arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF). Higher lime doses presented high rates of AMF and improved soil chemical properties (SCP). Higher lime doses were the most influential technological factor than the type of pasture and the N, P, K fertilizer sources on AMF.

Abstract In order to improve the sustainability of livestock systems at Cumaral, Meta, under tropical conditions of Colombia, implementation of different Brachiaria decumbens production technologies can be beneficial for a better soil fertility. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of two pastures type (Factor A): (a) Brachiaria decumbens grass (B1) and Brachiaria decumbens grass associated with kudzu Pueraria phaseloides legume (B2); (b) Factor B: Four lime (CaCO3) doses: L0 = 0 tons ha-1, L1 = 1.1 tons ha-1, L2 = 2.2 tons ha-1 and L3 = 3.3 tons ha-1; and (c) Factor C: three N, P, K fertilizers sources: 100 kg ha-1 Urea, 200 kg ha-1 triple superphosphate (TSP) and 100 kg ha-1 potassium chloride (PCl) on arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and soil chemical properties (SCP). Cluster analysis showed that B2*L3, L2*Urea, TSP, PCl increased the number of AMF spores per g soil and improved soil chemical properties (SCP), as B1*L3*Urea, TSP, PCl, in cluster 1, higher lime doses were the most influential factor, indistinctly pasture type, as N, P, K fertilizer sources showed low effect in cluster conformation. Farmers in the area can implement these B. decumbens technological practices that help improve the sustainability of livestock systems at tropical zones.

Yield and biometry of fertilized sugar cane with organomineral fertilizer of sewage sludge and biostimulant / Rendimento e biometria da cana-de-açúcar fertilizada com fertilizante organomineral de lodo de esgoto e bioestimulante

The dependence of mineral fertilizers, increasingly, has brought concern facing the increased demand and because it is a non-renewable mineral resource. The organic fertilization, exclusively, it is impractical in large scale, however, the combination of organic and mineral sources have already proved to be feasible, both from the point of view of nutrition of plants as well as in the aspect of recycling of urban and industrial waste by agriculture. This research had as objective to determine the efficiency of aorganomineral fertilizer formulated on the basis of sewage sludge in substitution of mineral fertilizer in the cultivation of sugar cane in environments with different levels of soil fertility. An experiment was conducted in greater soil fertility, in the Institute Federal Goiano­Campus, Morrinhos-GO, Brazil. The other, less soil fertility, was implanted in the ethanol industry Tijuco Valley, located in Rio do Peixe, district of Prata-MG, Brazil. The experimental design was randomized blocks in a factorial 5 x 2 +1 being five doses, with and without a biostimulant plus an additional with mineral fertilization, in four replications. The doses werein function of fertilization recommendation of planting and coverage for each environment, consisting of: 100 % of the mineral source and percentage 0; 60; 80; 100 and 120 % of organomineral fertilizer. We evaluated the productivity, tillering, diameter and height of stem in Prata-MG the different percentages of the fertilization of planting favored and increased productivity, height and stem diameter of sugar cane; the use of biostimulants not contributed to increase crop yield. In Morrinhos-GO, the different percentage of planting fertilization did not increase the productivity, tillering, height and diameter of the sugarcane stem; the use of biostimulants increases the productivity yield of sugarcane. Organomineral fertilizer based on biosolids is similar to fertilization with mineral fertilizer in environments

A dependência de fertilizantes minerais, cada vez mais, trouxe preocupação frente ao aumento da demanda e por ser um recurso mineral não renovável. A adubação orgânica, em exclusivo, é impraticável em larga escala, no entanto, a combinação de fontes orgânicas e minerais já se mostrouviável, tanto do ponto de vista nutricional das plantas como no aspecto de reciclagem de áreas urbanas e urbanas como de resíduos industriais pela agricultura. Esta pesquisa teve como objetivo determinar a eficiência de um fertilizante organomineral formulado à base de lodo de esgoto em substituição ao adubo mineral no cultivo de cana-de-açúcar em ambientes com diferentes níveis de fertilidade do solo. Um experimento foi conduzido em ambiente de maior fertilidade do solo, no Instituto Federal Goiano -Campus, Morrinhos-GO, Brasil. O outro, em local com menor fertilidade do solo, na indústria de etanol no Vale do Tijuco, localizado no município de Rio do Peixe, no município de Prata-MG, Brasil. Utilizou-se o delineamento experimental de blocos ao acaso, em esquema fatorial 5 x 2 +1, correspondente a cinco níveis de adubação, com e sem bioestimulante mais um tratamento adicional com adubação mineral, em quatro repetições. As doses foram em função da recomendação de adubação de plantio e cobertura para cada ambiente, sendo composta por: 100% da fonte mineral e porcentagens de 0; 60; 80; 100 e 120% de fertilizante organomineral. Avaliou-se a produtividade, perfilhamento, diâmetro e altura de colmos.Em Prata -MG os diferentes percentuais da adubação de plantio favorece e incrementa produtividade, altura e diâmetro do colmo da cana-de-açúcar; o uso de bioestimulantes não contribui para o rendimento desta cultura. Em Morrinhos -GO os diferentes percentuais da adubação de plantio não melhora produtividade, perfilhamento, altura e diâmetro do colmo da cana-de-açúcar; o uso de bioestimulantes incrementa rendimento de produtividade da cana-de-açúcar. A adubação com fertilizante organomineral a base de biossólido é semelhante a adubação com fertilizante mineral nos ambientes

Predicting soil CO2 emissions and sinks due to soil management factors of Brachiaria decumbens pastures using Tier 2 IPCC Methodology / Predicción de emisiones y sumideros de CO2 del suelo debido a factores de manejo del suelo de Brachiaria decumbens usando Tier 2 metodología IPCC

ABSTRACT Soil carbon sequestration refers to the process of transferring carbon dioxide (CO2) from the atmosphere into the soil. The objective of this research was to do a simulation of how soil management factors in pastures can contribute to mitigate climate change by reducing soil CO2-eq emissions due to increases of soil organic carbon.In livestock systems of Cumaral (Meta), Colombia, IPCC Tier 2 methodology was used to compare changes in soils C stocks under (a) two pasture types: Brachiaria decumbens grass pastures (B1) and Brachiaria decumbens grass pastures associated with Pueraria phaseloides legume (B2); (b) four increasing doses of CaCO?: 0, 1.1, 2.2, 3.3 tons ha-1; (c) three sources of N, P, K fertilizers: 100 kg ha-1 Urea, 200 kg ha-1 Triple Superphosphate and 100 kg ha-1 Potassium Chloride. The statistical design was a randomized complete block in factorial arrangement 2 x 4 x 3. Tukey test indicated that the inclusion of kudzú in B. decumbens pasture (B2), 2.2 and 3.3 tons CaCO3 ha-1 in both pastures, and the fertilization of B1 with Urea and B2 with Triple Superphosphate presented a greater benefit in soil C accumulation and CO2-eq emissions neutralization. Adittional cluster analysis showed that B2 liming with higher lime doses regardless of the type of fertilizer used presented major soil C stored grouped in Cluster 1. We concluded that these soil management factors should be feasible to implement in pastures, that can help offset the negative effects of global climate change on livestock systems at tropical zones.

RESUMEN El secuestro de carbono en el suelo se refiere al proceso de transferencia de dióxido de carbono (CO2) de la atmósfera al suelo. El objetivo de esta investigación fue hacer una simulación de cómo los factores de manejo del suelo en pasturas, pueden contribuir a mitigar el cambio climático al reducir las emisiones de CO2-eq del suelo debido a los aumentos de acumulación de carbono orgánico en el suelo. En sistemas ganaderos de Cumaral (Meta), Colombia, se utilizó la metodología Tier 2 del Panel Intergubernamental sobre Cambio Climático (IPCC) para comparar los cambios en las existencias de C del suelo en (a) dos tipos de pasturas: pasturas de pasto Brachiaria decumbens (Bl) y pasturas del pasto Brachiaria decumbens asociadas con leguminosa de Pueraria phaseloi-des (B2); cuatro dosis crecientes de CaCO?: 0, l.l, 2.2, 3.3 tons ha1; y (c) tres fuentes de fertiliantes N, P, K: 100 kg ha-1 Urea, 200 kg ha-1 Superfosfato triple y 100 kg ha-1 Cloruro de potasio. El diseño estadístico fue un bloques completos al azar en arreglo factorial 2 x 4 x 3. El test de Tukey indicó que la inclusión de la leguminosa en la pastura (B2), la aplicación de 2.2 y 3.3 tons CaCO3 ha-1 en ambas pasturas y la fertilización de B1 con Urea y de B2 con Superfosfato triple presentaron un mayor beneficio en la acumulación de C del suelo y la neutralización de las emisiones de CO2-eq. El análisis de cluster adicional mostró que B2 encalada con más altas dosis de cal indistintamente del tipo de fertilizante usado presentaron mayor almacenamiento de C del suelo agrupados en el Cluster 1. Nosotros concluimos que estos factores de manejo de suelos deberían ser factibles de implementar en pasturas, lo que puede ayudar a compensar los efectos negativos del cambio climático global en los sistemas ganaderos de zonas tropicales.

Phytophagous insects and natural enemies in kale under organic and chemical fertilizers / Insetos fitófagos e inimigos naturais em couve sob adubação orgânica e química

Organic agriculture is distinguished by practices that benefit the environment and support sustainable agriculture. In the present study, leafy kale, Brassica oleracea L. var. acephala DC., was submitted to chemical and organic (castor bean cake and bovine manure) fertilization treatments aiming to verify the influence of these fertilizers on the occurrence of insect pests and natural enemies. The insects were sampled by visual examination of plants and pitfall traps. Brevicoryne brassicae (L.) and Myzus persicae (Sulzer) (Hemiptera: Aphididae) were the phytophagous insects that occurred more significantly in kale, under chemical rather than organic fertilization, whereas Harmonia axyridis (Pallas), Hippodamia convergens (Guérin-Méneville) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae), Diaeretiella rapae (M'Intosh) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) and spiders (Arachnida: Araneae) were abundant in kale under organic fertilizer. The study showed that castor bean cake and bovine manure as leafy kale fertilizers can reduce the use of insecticides and provide quality food.(AU)

A agricultura orgânica destaca-se pelo emprego de práticas que beneficiam o meio ambiente e aumentam a sustentabilidade na agricultura. No presente estudo, a couve-de-folha, Brassica oleracea L. var. acephala DC., foi submetida a tratamentos de adubação química e orgânica à base de torta de mamona e esterco bovino para se verificar a influência dos fertilizantes na ocorrência de insetos pragas e inimigos naturais. Os insetos foram amostrados por meio de exame visual de plantas e armadilhas tipo alçapão. Brevicoryne brassicae (L.) e Myzus persicae (Sulzer) (Hemiptera: Aphididae) foram os insetos fitófagos que ocorreram significativamente em maior número em couve sob adubação química que orgânica, enquanto Harmonia axyridis (Pallas), Hippodamia convergens (Guérin-Méneville) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae), Diaeretiella rapae (M'Intosh) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) e aranhas (Arachnida: Araneae) foram abundantes em couve sob adubo orgânico. O estudo evidenciou que o uso de torta de mamona e esterco bovino como adubo de couve-de-folha pode reduzir o uso de inseticidas e fornecer alimentos de qualidade.(AU)

Influencia del tamaño de partícula en la extracción de ácidos húmicos de carbón bituminoso / Influence of particle size in the extraction of bituminous carbon humic acids

RESUMEN Las sustancias húmicas son un conjunto de macromoléculas provenientes de materia orgánica biodegradada. Estas sustancias, se pueden obtener de carbones de alto rango y son importantes en la eliminación de contaminantes en soluciones acuosas. En esta investigación, se evaluó la influencia del tamaño de partículas en la extracción de ácidos húmicos, a partir de muestras de carbón bituminoso. Se realizó una oxidación en solución acuosa de las muestras con peróxido de hidrógeno, a concentraciones de 50, 40 y 30%, respectivamente, tiempos de extracción de 3 y 6 horas y tamaño de partícula a número de malla 60 y 120. Se caracterizaron las muestras de carbón por espectrometría infrarroja (FTIR). Se realizó un análisis próximo, para determinar % de humedad, % de materia volátil (%MV), % de ceniza, % de carbono fijo (%CF) y relación %CF/MV. El análisis termogravimétrico (TGA), se realizó en equipo de termografía TGA Q-500. El mayor porcentaje de extracción (76,8±3,50), se obtuvo a una concentración de 50% de agente oxidante, tiempo de extracción de 6 horas y tamaño de partícula a malla No. 120. El tiempo de extracción influye en la cantidad de ácido húmico que se puede extraer, una concentración de 40% de agente oxidante; no se encontraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas (P> 0,05), para tiempos de 3h (32,8±1,0, malla 120) y 3h (30,6±2,4, malla 60). La materia carbonácea utilizada en esta investigación puede ser un candidato potencial para obtener ácidos húmicos útiles en la industria agrícola.

ABSTRACT Humic substances are a group of macromolecules from biodegradable organic matter. These substances can be obtained from high-rank coals and are important in the removal of contaminants in aqueous solutions. In this study, the influence of particle size on the extraction of humic acids from samples of bituminous coal is evaluated. Oxidation in aqueous solution of the samples with hydrogen peroxide was carried out at concentrations of 50, 40 and 30% respectively, extraction times of 3 and 6 hours and particle size at 60 and 120 mesh number. The carbon samples were characterized by infrared spectrometry (FTIR). A close analysis was performed to determine % moisture, % volatile matter (% MV), % ash, % fixed carbon (% CF) and % CF/MV ratio. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) was performed on TGA Q-500 thermography equipment. The highest percentage of extraction (76.8 ± 3.50) was obtained at a concentration of 50% of oxidizing agent, extraction time of 6 hours and particle size to mesh No 120. The extraction time influences the amount of humic acid that can be extracted, a concentration of 40% of oxidizing agent, no statistically significant differences were found (P> 0.05) for times of 3h (32.8±1.0, 120 mesh) and (30.6±2.4, 60 mesh). The carbonaceous material used in this research may be a potential candidate for obtaining useful humic acids in the agricultural industry.

Responses of Soil Properties and Crop Productivity to Peat- Fertilizers in Russia

In the present study, four fractions were prepared from leaves extract of Atriplex nummularia. This study aimed to determineTPP (total polyphenols), FLV (flavonoids) and CT (condensed tannins) on one hand and on the other hand, to evaluate theantiradical activity of the hydroalcoholic and aqueous fractions by four different methods including: DPPH test (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazil), FRAP test (antioxidant activity by the iron reduction method), BCB test (β-carotene bleaching),and TAC test (antioxidant capacity) total) by the phosphomolybdate method. High levels of total polyphenols and condensedtannins were found in F/DieEA (23,437 ± 0.251mgGEA/gE), and F/DcmEA (17,251 ± 0.354mgCE/gE), respectively.Therefore, flavonoid levels F/DieEA and F/DcmEA were almost identical (9.515 ± 0.277 mgQE/gE), (9.238 ± 0.119mgQE/gE). The F/DcmEA showed an interesting and significant antioxidant activity in all tests as the other F/DieEA, F/nBUOH, F/aqueous represented the activity of trapping the free radical DPPH of C50 = (3.073 ± 0.088mg/ml), a reducingpower of iron (433.55 ± 24.36mgQE/gE), and a total antioxidant capacity of the Mo (VI) reduction test of (20.28 ±1.96mgEAG/gE), and the determination of IC50 of β-carotene bleaching (0.92 ± 0.0175mg/ml).

Effect of different culture media on growth of Chlorella sorokiniana and the influence of microalgal effluents on the germination of lettuce seeds

Increased use of microalgae as food additives, biofuels, pharmaceuticals and in waste treatment increases effluent production. The aim of this work was to evaluate the effect of different culture media on growth of Chlorella sorokiniana and the influence of the cultural refuse on seed germination of lettuce (Lactuca sativa). The microalga was grown in different media for 27 days. The maximum specific growth rate (µmax) during mixotrophic growth phase was obtained in the novel medium composed of 50% NPK medium and 50% Bold Basal medium supplemented with glucose (1 g L-1). Cell proliferation in Bold Basal and NPK media presented a very close µmax values, indicating that NPK may be a good option for low-cost microalgal production. The effluents from the microalgal culture failed to induce any marked variation in the germination of lettuce seeds. This clearly shows that the microalgal effluent does not cause any toxicity to germinating lettuce seeds. Thus C. sorokiniana cultivation combined with horticulture can be utilized as a feasible productive integrated system.

The arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi colonizing the roots of pre-nursery stage of oil palm seedlings: Elaeis guineensis in Malaysia

Aims@#Arbuscular mycorrhizal is an obligate mutualistic symbiosis fungus which survives by forming endomycorrhizal on plant roots. The arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi are not host-specific, allowing them to form a mutualistic symbiosis with a wide range of host plants including oil palm. In Malaysia, the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi are used as a growth enhancer for the oil palm: Elaeis guineensis. The arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi are introduced only during transplantation to the field when the ages of the seedlings are approximately one year old. As such, this study is designed to investigate the ability of the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi to form colonisation with pre-nursery oil palm seedlings. @*Methodology and results@#Here, the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi were introduced at the pre-nursery stage oil palm seedlings. After inoculation, the seedlings were harvested on different days, i.e. on day-3, day-7, day-14, day-21, day-40 and day-60 to determine the colonisation of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. We found that the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi are able to form a mycorrhizal association with the oil palm seedling at the pre-nursery stage after 40 days of inoculation, and the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi that formed the association are Glomus sp. and Scutellospora sp. @*Conclusion, significance and impact of study@#This study suggested that the oil palm seedling can be made into a mycorrhizal plant as early as the nursery stage before transplanting them into the plantation.

Advanced Forms of Sulphur Formulations for Improving Use Efficiency in Crop Species

Widespread incidences of sulphur (S) deficiency in agricultural crops and soils have been reported globally. To meet this gap, various new forms of S fertilizers are available in the market, and they are in the process of testing for their validations in varied type of crop species and soils. A current global trend of using these advanced S formulations for plant production has emerged to overcome the challenges of S nutrition in crops. This paper highlights the potential benefits of improved S fertilizers in agriculture as compared to conventional S fertilizers. However, there is also a need for increasing awareness among the growers to recognize the importance of S (fourth primary plant nutrient) and simultaneously exploring the options for elevating the efficiency of S.

Effect of NPK, Bio and Organic Fertilizers on Growth, Herb Yield, Oil Production and Anatomical Structure of (Cymbopogon citratus, Stapf) Plant

This study was carried out at the Department of Ornamental Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, in Egypt during the two successive seasons of 2015 and 2016. The experiment was designed using a complete randomized blocks design. Eco-friendly agriculture has its priority for safe products, so the objective of this study was to investigate the effect of bio fertilizers (Nitrobien and Phosphorien) at 1, 2 and 4 g/plant, compost and poultry manure at the rates of 5, 10 and 15 ton/ feddan (feddan= 4200 m2) as alternative to NPK (recommended dose), on growth and anatomical characters of Cymbopogon citratusplants. The results showed that the highest number of tillers per plant (49.07) and leaf area (83.99 cm2) obtained by the high rate of poultry treatment (15 ton/feddan) at the second cut in the second season. Thus the result obtained showed that the organic fertilizers had a better effect on total herb fresh and dry weights per plant than bio fertilizer treatments. The poultry manure at the rate of 10 ton/feddan resulted in the maximum total herb fresh yield with value 56.53 ton per feddan and total herb dry yield with value 16.94 ton per feddan, in the second season. The essential oil production per feddan at the first cut (in August) was more than at the second cut (in October) in both seasons. The highest oil yield per feddan was recorded in the second season by the poultry manure at the rate of 10 ton/feddan with values 82.26 and 51.85 l/feddan at the first and second cut, respectively. The anatomical study showed that the best thickness of the leaf sheath at the midrib region was due to treating the lemongrass plants by poultry at the rate of 10 ton/feddan. The increasing ratio was 16.7% compared to control. This treatment showed the best results in the total number of vascular bundles, in addition to the No. of large bundles and their dimensions. From these results, it could be recommended that poultry manure was the best treatment for lemongrass growth and getting highly clean yield.

Effect of Bio and Organic Fertilizers on Oil Production and Chemical Composition of Lemongrass Plant

This study was carried out at the Department of Ornamental Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University during the two successive seasons of 2015 and 2016. The experiment was designed using a complete randomized blocks design. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of NPK (recommended dose), biofertilizers (Nitrobien and Phosphorien) at 1,2 and 4 g/plant, compost and poultry manure at the rates of 5, 10 and 15 ton/ feddan (feddan=4200 m2) on essential oil production and biochemical compositions of Cymbopogon citratus plants. The results showed that the average percentage of essential oil ranged between 0.140-0.300% at the first cut and 0.133-0.283% at the second cut of the two seasons, respectively. First cut (in August) resulted in more essential oil production than second cut (in October). Poultry manure produced the maximum essential oil yield/plant compared to control and the other fertilizer treatments. The main components in essential oil of lemongrass were β. myrcene, linalool, neral (citral b), geranial (citral a) and geranyl acetate identified by GC. Arranged in descending order, the major constituents were citral a and citral b which reached to 69.72- 81.39% in the oil. Compost at the rate of 10 ton/ feddan was the most effective application in citral content which reached to 81.39%. The organic applications positively affected pigments content of lemongrass plant. The highest herb content of phosphorus and potassium resulted from the plants treated by compost at the rate of 10 ton/ feddan and nitrobien at the rate of 2 g/plant.